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  <title>ADHD互助社区 : 一位台湾地区学者关于注意力缺陷的文章</title>
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   <title><![CDATA[一位台湾地区学者关于注意力缺陷的文章 : 注意力缺陷 李俊仁 撰文  ADHD，一般俗称的过动症，...]]></title>
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    <![CDATA[<strong>发表人:</strong> <a href="http://www.adhd.org.cn/forum/member_profile.asp?PF=36">孙悟空爸爸</a><br /><strong>标题:</strong> 183<br /><strong>发表:&nbsp;</strong> 2006/9/07  11:33am<br /><br /><H1 style="MARGIN: 9pt 0cm"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><FONT size=2>注意力缺陷</FONT></SPAN></H1><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: right" align=right><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">李俊仁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">撰文</SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">ADHD</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">，一般俗称的过动症，是儿童发展性疾患常见的疾病之一。从学理上来说，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">儿童主要的缺陷包括注意力问题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">inattention</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）、冲动控制问题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">impulsiveness</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）以及过动问题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">hyperactivity</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）等三个向度。依照这三个向度的行为特征，大致上，可根据学童的疾患分类为注意力类型、过动暨冲动控制类型以及前两项的混合型。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><?:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 对一般老师以及家长来说，过动问题，是他们在寻求协助时的主要诉求。对于这些总是在动的孩子，一方面可能被过度轻忽，认为学童并 不需要特别的辅助，只是精力充沛、活泼好动而已，会让人觉得有问题是因为学校或家庭环境过份限制，只要转换环境或是等到年龄渐长 就会改善；另一方面，也可能过度夸大，认为学童无法遵守任何规矩、有暴力倾向、甚至反社会行为、天生坏胚子、无药可救。前者可以 说是忽略了遗传以及生理的因素对于个人可能有的影响，放任的态度，可能使得遗传以及生理的因素被不当的放大，导致不可收拾的地步 ；而后者，可以说是完全忽略现代医药知识可能对于行为问题的改善，两者都不是适当的教养态度。 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 一个注意力缺陷伴随过动的学童，可能因为本身生理的限制，以致于在课业上无法像平常学童般的学习，更由于不遵守群体规则，或是随 意接触他人身体以及翻动他人东西，使得在课业以及人际关系上都无法获得肯定与满足。可以想见在这样的状况下，当学童成长后，会产 生自信心低落以及情绪困扰的现象。刚开始与一般人一点点儿认知行为上的差异，可能因为跟环境的互动，产生截然不同的结果，这样的 现象更突显出早期发现以及介入的重要性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 国外的研究显示，一个在学龄被诊断为过动症的学童，长大后比一般人出现较高的辍学率、精神疾病、犯罪率、药物滥用等问题。这些在 青少年或是成人所出现的问题，其实都有可能因为在学期间，适当的药物以及行为矫治的介入而改善行为的征状，或是避免问题行为的出 现。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 除了注意力缺陷伴随过动问题外，还有许多学童仅出现单纯的注意力缺陷，并没有伴随过动问题，他们的行为特征包括常常作白日梦、遗 失东西、忘了带东西到学校、生活凌乱、不知道事情的轻重缓急优先级、做事慢而没有效率以及有时伴随学校成绩低落等，这些学童由于 并没有违背社会的规范，因此他们的问题也往往被忽略。以下的几个项目，是注意力缺陷儿童一般的行为征状： </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">总是在扭动自己的身体、躯干、四肢或手指。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">当需要静坐时，总是走动、跑或是攀爬。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">很容易受到外界讯息干扰正在进行的活动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">无法排队等待。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">无法注意事情的细节。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">问题还没有问完，便急着回答。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">无法静静听完指令就开始行动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">往往没有完成一个活动就进行其它活动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">需要有实时的酬偿，没有办法延迟等待以获得比较大的奖赏。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">上学时常常忘记要带的东西。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">无法按照指令进行要求的活动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">生活非常的凌乱，无法有秩序的生活。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 您不难发现上面的项目环绕着注意力问题（忘记带东西、生活无秩序、无法依照指令完成事情等）、冲动控制问题（无法等到问题问完就 急着回答、无法排队、无法延迟得到满足）以及过动问题等三个向度。类似的征状在一般幼儿身上也会出现，只是轻重程度不同，如何作 判断需要有专业的知识以及经验。而专业人员在作判断时，需要从教师或家长那儿获得相关的讯息。 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">一般来说，必须满足几个条件才能够被认定为可能的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">患者：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">必须符合上述多项所描绘的征状。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">上述症状的出现，必须是在六、七岁前。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">行为征状必须持续半年以上。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">必须在不同的环境中（例如，家庭、学校、安亲班等）都出现相类似的征状。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 必须影响到个案的生活适应。轻微者可能仅轻微的影响个案个人的学业表现或社交生活，严重者将会全面的严重影响个案的课业、家庭、 学校的生活。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 由于专业人员无法接触学童在家里以及学校环境的行为表现，因此，家长以及教师的说明和评定就成为判断的重要依据。因为上面的判定 准则，所以一些相关的问题是值得注意的：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">年龄问题</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">尽管在新生儿时期即可发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">与一般婴儿不同的活动或反应倾向，但是一般来说，直到幼儿</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">岁时，家长才会警觉到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">幼儿与一般儿童的差异。不过，直到他们进入幼儿园或小学时，家长才比较会寻求专业协助。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">由于一般</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">岁幼儿也会出现类似的行为表现，在长大后自然会有所改善，也由于家庭环境中并没有严格的规则需要遵循，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 幼儿所表现的行为异常比较不明显，因此，许多家长通常认为小孩比较顽皮，进了学校就会有所改善。然而一旦进入学校的群体生活时， 这些行为征状往往变本加厉，加上与其它同年龄、同性别学童有所比较，在老师的提醒下，才会引起家长比较严正的关切，并寻求协助。 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">由于注意力问题或是冲动控制出现于幼儿身上，因此的确很容易造成照顾者轻忽的现象。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">环境的问题</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">在不同的环境中有雷同的行为征状是判定的要件之一，不过这个要件很容易让人误以为在不同环境中，出现行为征状严重程度不同就不是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">。实际上一般儿童在不同环境中有不一样的行为表现，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 儿童也有相类似的情形。例如，在公共场合、当与他人一起游戏、当父母在电话中时、当家中有访客时、当要求做家中杂务时或是当做学 校的回家功课时，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 儿童过动的症状会更加严重。而当独立游玩时、当父亲在家时、到一个新奇的环境时或是玩他们喜欢的游戏时，他们过动的现象就会减低 。正因为在不同的环境中，儿童过动的现象有不同的程度，很容易让人认为他们跟一般儿童相同，或是认为这些儿童并不需要协助，而是 因为环境或师长要求的差别才造成他们被认定成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">观察者的问题</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">在美国判定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 时，需要收集父母、教师以及临床医师的意见，因此这些照顾者的评定标准是否相同，会影响判定的结果。美国的研究显示，父母、教师 、以及临床医师评定的一致性并不高，甚至在父、母亲间的意见也很不一致。这除了受到照顾者个人的背景、知识、标准外，儿童在不同 环境下（面对不同的角色）会有不相同的行为表现也是影响因素之一。 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">其它疾患的区分</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">不只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 儿童会出现注意力或是过动的问题，其它疾病，如：癫痫、精神疾病、行为疾患者等，都可能出现注意力或和过动的问题。光是注意力问 题或是过动问题并不足以区分出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 儿童与其它病患的差异。一开始介绍的类型，注意力缺陷类型就没有过动的现象；一些精神疾病，如，狂躁症，也会让人觉得有的过动的 现象；精神分裂症患者更是无法遵循规则性的行为。学理上来说，目前认为比较能够区分出 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">学童的指针，是在行为抑制或是冲动性控制。有学者甚至认为行为抑制是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">患者所有行为违常的根源，因此在行为矫治中，应该增加行为抑制的机制，以及减少环境中对于行为抑制的要求。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">与其它疾患的共发性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">一个人可能同时患有两种或以上的疾病，称之为共发性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的患者，常常也伴随其它精神或神经心理方面的疾病的发生，如：违抗性行为疾患（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">opposional defiant disorder</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）、行为疾患（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">conduct disorder</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> ）、忧郁症、焦虑症、躁郁症、心身症和学习障碍等。特别值得注意的是儿童的成长环境，如，学校和家庭的环境，对于这些症状的严重 程度甚至出现与否，会有决定性的影响力。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><FONT size=2>迷思：</FONT></SPAN></H2><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><FONT size=2>不是心理疾病？</FONT></SPAN></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">有一种说法认为将学童诊断为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">，纯粹是庸人自扰，这些儿童与一般学童并没有差异，只是稍微好动活泼，或是环境限制过多。诊断学童为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">反而给予卷标化，造成不好的后果。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">有许多的论证可以反驳</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">与一般儿童只是在活动量差异的说法。实际上，过动并不是判定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">儿童的最佳准则，行为控制才是。而在许多认知行为的发展上，特别是在学校情境的学习，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 学童的表现出现与一般人迥异的情况，他们在日后罹患精神疾病的比率也比一般人要高的多。这些都足以说明他们不单纯是因为活动量较 大或是环境限制的关系。现今的科技更发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">受到遗传以及个人接触环境的影响，也发现他们在大脑的结构，以及在神经传导物质的分泌浓度与一般人不同。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">不管是任何的行为或是征状，足以影响个人一般日常的生活功能以及有生理基础，都应该视为疾病的一种。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">符合每一种对于疾病的定义，因此应当被视为心理疾病的一种。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">年龄大就会变好？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">有一种说法是认为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 的幼童，在他们长大之后就会变好。这种说法，指的是幼童在长大后，过动的现象会减缓，甚至消失。的确，部分儿童在长大后，其过动 现象会减缓，但这仅限于过度活动的部分。多数的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 儿童在青少年期甚至成人时期，还是比一般人有更高的比例出现辍学、药物使用、驾车超速、逃家、偷窃、攻击他人、犯罪或工作转换等 问题。这显示，他们并不是自然而然的变好了，他们内在对于行为抑制的缺陷还是存在，只是因为成长过程中的社会学习以及生活环境的 要求降低，减弱他们的过动问题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">是因为父母教育态度？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">有一种说法认为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 儿童的出现，是因为父母的教养态度。这种说法，认为可能是因为父母的教养态度过于松弛，没有好好训练儿童遵守规矩，所以让儿童在 比较限制的环境中出现过动的现象；另外一种说法认为是父母的教养态度过于严格，引起儿童的反抗，造成儿童过动的现象。 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 无论哪一种说法，都没有在研究上获得支持的证据。证据比较支持的说法是父母的教养态度，会「影响」行为症状的严重程度，但不会「 引起」过动。同时，父母的教养态度实际上也受到儿童行为表现的影响，在一个研究中，过动症儿童的母亲不知道自己的孩子是在哪一段 时间服用药物或是安慰剂，会发现当儿童服用药物时，不仅儿童的行为改变，连母亲对于儿童的行为也改变，这显示儿童行为影响了父母 的教养态度。</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">是因为来自破碎的家庭环境？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">破碎的家庭，是许多人认为造成儿童认知行为异常的原因，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">也不例外。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 然而研究并不支持破碎的家庭，或是家庭功能不健全，与过动症状的出现有关系，但是，破碎的家庭跟暴力攻击行为或是反社会行为的出 现比较有关。家庭功能不健全，自然影响任何儿童的发展，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的儿童也不例外，但是，有影响并不足以构成原因，两者是不同的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">是因为食物？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 曾经有一种说法认为小孩是因为吃了太多含有食品添加物的食物，或是吃了过多含糖的甜食以及零嘴所造成，因此主张食物调控、补充维 生素和矿物质。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">研究证据并不支持含糖食物或是食品添加物是造成小孩过动的原因。而过量的维生素和矿物质反而对幼儿身体有害。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">内耳系统异常影响动作异常？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">曾经有一种说法认为过动是因为内耳的动作平衡系统以及小脑异常，所以造成过动的现象，因此衍生相关的药物以及肢动训练。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的确有一些研究显示</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 的小脑与一般人不同，但小脑异常并不代表一定会过动，小脑异常的影响可能是在执行精细动作的困难。关于内耳平衡系统的异常部分， 研究显示内耳平衡系统只跟动作的协调性有关，并不支持内耳的平衡系统跟注意力、行为控制或是调节活动量有关。 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">是因为看太多的电视？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">曾经有一种说法是认为现代小孩比过去还要多的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">，是因为现代小孩看太多电视的关系，因为看电视会阻碍他们注意力的成长，或甚至降低小孩注意力的容量。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">尽管长时间看电视对于小孩的认知发展并没有益处，并没有证据显示</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 的学童比一般小孩看更多的电视。实际上，经由同异卵双生子在相同以及不同的家庭长大的研究设计中，研究人员可以分离某项疾病来自 遗传的影响、共有环境的影响，以及个人环境的影响。研究显示，共有的环境其实并不会对 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">有影响，电视应属于共有环境的成分，因此，也不支持电视是造成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的原因。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">是荷尔蒙影响？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">曾经有一个研究显示甲状腺分泌异常是造成过动的主要原因。因此，许多甲状腺检定以及甲状腺的治疗被当成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的诊断以及疗程之一。但是，在相继类似的研究中，并没有发现过动跟甲状腺分泌之间的关系。显示这个研究结果并不可信。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">易受到环境干扰？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">所有的家长或老师都有这样的经验，认为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的小孩比一般小孩容易受到外界讯息的干扰。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">研究显示，并不是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">容易受到干扰，比较正确的讲法，应该是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的小孩比较容易觉得正在进行的工作无聊，而想要寻求新的刺激或回馈。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">学童的特性是针对单调、延迟回馈的工作很容易感到无聊，而要寻求其它的刺激。老师或家长们的经验，通常来自于带领</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 学童或是做家庭作业的时候，很不幸的，学校的家庭作业正是属于单调、延迟回馈的工作，如果有其它刺激物出现，他们很自然的要去寻 求新的刺激。如果他们现在正在进行的工作是立即回馈以及不断变化的刺激，例如，打电动玩具， </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 的小孩反而比一般小孩更沉迷。他们可以没日没夜的玩电动玩具，直到身体撑不住，不断流眼泪了还想要继续玩下去。所以正在进行的工 作与干扰刺激的新奇、有趣性，才是决定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">小朋友容不容易受干扰的决定因素。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">只影响注意力问题？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">因为称为注意力缺陷或过动，很多人会认为只影响到学童的注意力问题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 实际上注意力是所有认知活动的根源之一，举凡语言、记忆、思考、计画执行都需要有注意力的参与。在成长时期的注意力出问题，会影 响其它认知能力的发展。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 因此，注意力方面出问题也会伴随其它方面的问题，例如，影响智力、适应功能、学业表现、学习障碍、语言发展、记忆力、计画能力、 对时间的感知力、对情绪的调控力以及动作执行等能力。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">病源</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H2><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">基因研究</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 研究人员可以利用同卵双生或异卵双生，同一家庭或是被领养后在不同家庭成长的情形，计算遗传（包括配子在分裂过程中所产生的变异 ）、共有环境（双生子所共有的环境）、非共有环境（对每一位双生子个别独特的环境）对于某种疾病发生的影响力。过去的研究显示， 遗传大概可以决定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">91</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">％，共享环境约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">％，非共享环境约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">％；父母任一方有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的现象，其子代有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的比例也比一般人高。这些都显示遗传是影响</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 的重要因素。虽然遗传是一个重要因素，但并不代表完全是因为父母的影响，在配子分裂过程中所产生变异，非人为能控制，这也算是遗 传所决定，现代知识对于遗传是如何影响</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 的形成，并没有清楚的了解。从双生子的研究当中可以推论是个别的环境影响远比共享环境影响大，这也显示生理以及个人环境互动决定 了大部分的原因。因此食物、父母态度、电视或家庭环境等，其实都不会是 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">发生的原因。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">在基因研究中，多巴胺第二型基因（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">dopamine type 2, DA2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）、多巴胺转送基因（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">dopamine transporter gene, DAT1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）都曾被宣称可能是造成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的基因，但后来都没有办法被重复验证其真实性。现在比较能够被重复验证是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">DRD4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">repeater gene</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）。由于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">DRD4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">基因最主要运作部位在前额叶，并认为该基因的作用跟执行运作及注意力有关，同时也发现部分的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的子群体的确有这方面的基因变异，因此至少这个基因跟</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">部分的行为表现有关。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">神经生理</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">过去的神经心理学研究显示，前额叶（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">prefrontal lobe</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）受损会造成维持注意力、抑制、调节情绪和动机、分清楚事情轻重缓急的计画执行功能异常。在现代的造影仪器研究下，发现到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">学童在额叶，特别是前额叶部分功能运作方面的异常，通常是活化程度比一般人低。在检验血流量时，也发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">儿童在前额叶、以及前额叶经由尾核（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">caudate nucleus</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）到边缘系统（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">limbic system</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）的通路，皆比一般人的血流量低。结构性的扫瞄也发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">学童在额叶、基底核（特别是尾核）、胼肢体（特别是根部）和小脑，比一般人小的现象。这些证据支持了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">学童是小脑─前额叶─<SPAN style="COLOR: black">纹状体功能异常（</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">cerebellar-prefrontal-striatal dysfunction</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）的说法。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">神经传导物质缺乏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">尽管在研究上，神经传导物质对于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">的作用并不是非常清楚，但至少在临床的药物使用上，发现到阻碍多巴胺以及正肾上腺素<SPAN style="COLOR: black">（</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">norepinephrine</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）再吸收功能的药物，也就是增加</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">多巴胺和正肾上腺素<SPAN style="COLOR: black"> 停留在突触间隙的时间以及浓度，能够有效的改善注意力缺陷儿童的过动以及认知功能。而这些药物对于过动行为的改善效果，明显的优 于对认知方面的改善。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">因此多</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">巴胺和正肾上腺素的异常可能是主要原因。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">治疗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H2><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">到目前为止，药物的的治疗是控制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 行为症状的最有效方式，单独的行为改善技术并没有太大的作用，但是药物的使用必须辅以其它的认知行为治疗或教育训练，才能发挥它 的最大效用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">最常使用的药物是三种中枢神经兴奋剂，利他宁（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Ritalin, </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">methylphenidate</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Dexedrine</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">（为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">dextroamphetamine</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Cylert</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">pemoline</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">，因对肝脏有潜在严重的副作用，通常不做为第一线药物）。目前利他宁大概是大家最熟悉的药物，因此在此作比较详尽的介绍。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">使用利他宁，大概在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">小时以后，药物在血浆浓度会到最高点，血浆半生期约为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">小时，通常在服用后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">24</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">小时内会被代谢完毕，在尿液里面检测不出其代谢物质。在行为改善方面，口服后约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">60</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">分钟即可有作用，在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">小时会到最高峰，大概可以维持</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 小时。目前有长效型的药物，可以维持比较久的时间，这样可以避免学童因为带药物到学校忘记服药，或是因服药遭同学歧视的情形发生 。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">药物服用后，对于行为的改善非常的明显，在认知行为方面，实验室的研究也显示他们在许多的认知功能都有比较好的表现。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">尽管多数的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 学童在服药物后，对于过动行为或是认知功能都有明显改善，但是，还是对少部分的学童没有作用。这可能要在医生指示下服用其它药物 。服用药物比较值得注意的是几个事情：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">第一，</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 药物有副作用的产生。由于是中枢应兴奋剂，因此，用药后会伴随一些基本的征状发生，短期的副作用包括如：食欲不振、失眠、焦虑、 不安、容易哭泣或心跳加快等，少部分会有胃痛或头疼，非常少数的会有不明原因肢体抽动的现象。而由于食欲不振、失眠，可能导致因 营养不良影响成长发育，以及没精神白天昏睡的状况。这些副作用都不大，通常经由调整用药剂量就可以有所改善，因此在用药前以及用 药后，让儿童、家长、父母作行为观察是非常重要的事。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">第二，</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 由于会有副作用的产生，很多家长因为担心对儿童产生影响会停止用药。但是，在考量要不要停药时，除了可能的副作用外，考量要素应 为服用药物后是否对于行为有所改善、是否改变与其它人的互动方式以及是否增进其学习的成就。但是行为的改善可以有短期的效果，而 人际关系及学校的学习成效却非一蹴可及的，这两者通常会需要比较长的时间才会渐渐显现出效益来，这往往也使得家长在看不到效益前 就决定停药。不过不要忘了服用药物应该伴随一些认知及行为训练，帮助学童作生活适应，否则，药物仅能提供学习基础，并不是知识药 丸，吃了就有知识。不可能在服用药物后，从前没有学习的部分就自动学会，过去不良的人际关系就自动改善，药物只能提供学习的基础 ，让学童能够更有秩序的组织所学东西。没有学习的过程就没有学习的成就。 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">第三，</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"> 即使家长决定停药，也应该与医生沟通后，逐步的减低用药剂量，然后才完全停药。猛然的停药一方面可能引起行为反弹的现象（出现未 用药前更加严重的行为症状），另一方面也可能会引起身体不适。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">其它许多的认知行为改善技术，可以帮助</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADHD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">学童增加生活适应能力，相关的信息，可以参阅各项特殊教育书籍。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><H3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">本文内容主要参考下列文献改写：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">National Institute of Mental Health </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">NIMH</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. NIH Publication No. 3572. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhd.cfm" target="_blank"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT color=#003399>http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhd.cfm</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Barkley, R.A. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">. <SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Taking Charge of ADHD, Revised Edition: The Complete, Authoritative Guide for Parents.</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Barkley, R.A. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">. <SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment, Second Edition.</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Mash, E.J. and Barkley, R.A. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">. <SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Treatment of Childhood Disorders.</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>]]>
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   <pubDate>Thu, 07 Sep 2006 11:33:00 +0000</pubDate>
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