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   <title><![CDATA[ADHD的神经心理学研究进展 :    ADHD的神经心理学研究进展    发表...]]></title>
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    <![CDATA[<strong>发表人:</strong> <a href="http://www.adhd.org.cn/forum/member_profile.asp?PF=43">拂晓</a><br /><strong>标题:</strong> 327<br /><strong>发表:&nbsp;</strong> 2006/12/29  11:39am<br /><br /><TABLE width="100%" =#ffffff><T><TR><TD =detailTitle align=middle width="100%"><FONT face=0 color=#0 size=5>ADHD的神经心理学研究进展</FONT></TD></TR><TR><TD =detailTitleDown>&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR><TD align=middle>发表日期：2005-11-15&nbsp;&nbsp;作者：ADHD的神经心理学研究&nbsp;&nbsp;出处：ADHD的神经心理学研究进展&nbsp;&nbsp;本页面已被访问：900次</TD></TR><TR><TD style="WORD-BREAK: break-all" width="100%"><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 111pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的神经心理学研究进展</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 142.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 13.57"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耿耀国</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">苏林雁</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 79.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中南大学湘雅二医院精神卫生研究所</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> 410011 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">长沙</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal><SPAN lang=EN-US><?:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">注意缺陷多动障碍（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）是儿童期常见的一种行为障碍，发病率在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1%-10%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之间。因其对学习、生活有明显的影响，而且有些症状可持续到成年期，所以引起了人们的广泛关注。神经心理学是研究脑和心理或脑和行为的关系，从神经科学的角度研究心理学问题的一门科学。通过对大脑损伤病人病态心理行为的观察、测评，来分析它们和大脑功能系统结构的相互关系是神经心理学的重要研究途径之一。近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年来，关于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的神经心理特征的研究成为一个热点，学者们做了大量的工作，获得了比较丰富的研究结果，一些关于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的理论模型在此基础上建立起来，增加了人们对此行为障碍本质的认识。本文拟对近年来</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神经心理学领域的研究结果做一概述。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的理论模型</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">建立神经心理学理论模型的目的在于探索</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的病因及病理机制，并进而指导临床诊断、治疗与康复<SPAN style="COLOR: red">。</SPAN>目前，关于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种理论模型</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;1&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，分别是延迟转移模型、行为抑制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">促进模型、抑制模型、认知能量模型、执行功能模型。这些理论模型繁简不一，侧重点各有不同，涉及高级认知活动的程度亦有差异，影响力也有高下之分。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>1 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">延迟转移模型（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>delay aversion model</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该模型由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Quay</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等提出。其基本观点是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童不倾向于选择延迟的满足，在可立即得到的、微小的奖赏与延迟获得的比较大的、更有价值的奖赏之间，他们接受前者</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;2&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。其可能的神经机制是由中脑边缘多巴胺系统与伏膈核犒赏系统联合所介导的一种独特的激活风格</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;3&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，也可能是与前扣带回功能相联系的由期待与预测获得的奖赏之间的不匹配所造成的结果。这预示着此种急功近利的<a href="http://www.5xx.cn/" target="_blank"><FONT face=宋体 color=#0000ff size=3>方式</FONT></A>存在着被利他林等作用于中枢多巴胺系统的药物影响的可能。该理论为一些研究所证实。有人在一项实验中观察到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童能够控制自己不接触玩具的时间较短，碰触玩具的次数明显比正常儿童多。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Douglas</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Parry</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Tripp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等也发现</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;4 5&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童的确存在着一种寻求立即获得满足的倾向。然而也有一些研究却未有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童的操作为奖赏所改变的发现</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;6&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。尽管存在分歧，但学者们普遍认为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童对奖赏的反应与正常儿童还是有差别的。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">行为抑制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">促进模型</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(the behavioural inhibition/activation model)</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该模型由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Gray</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等提出，认为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童的行为抑制系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(behavioural inhibition system, BIS)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">功能低下，但却有一个过度活跃的行为促进系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(behavioural activation system, BAS)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，二者的不平衡使得</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童很难维持一种适应性的行为。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Gray</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发现</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;7&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>BIS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所涉及的脑区包括海马系统以及相关联的额皮质，它对预期出现的合意与惩罚性信号敏感。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Iaboni</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;8&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也在实验中观察到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童没有表现出皮肤导电率的增强，并且在正常对照组儿童很快恢复以后其导电率仍然保持在同一水平。功能低下的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>BIS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可能与蓝斑的去甲肾上腺素分泌减少有关。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>BAS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">使机体针对不同情景发生改变，以适应内外环境的要求。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Quay</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的研究表明</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;9&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，面对奖赏，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童表现出了较对照组更快的心率变化，提示他们的确存在一个功能亢进的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>BAS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">需要提醒的是该模型并不认为功能低下的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>BIS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">仅仅表现在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童身上，而认为可能是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、对立违抗性障碍（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>oppositional defiant dosorder, ODD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、品行障碍（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>conduct disorder, CD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）等破坏性行为障碍的共同特征，即它们均存在“抑制无能（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>disability</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）”缺陷</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;10&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>3 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抑制模型</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(the inhibition model)</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该模型</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1997</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Barkley</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等提出，是目前影响最为深远的一种理论。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Barkley</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">认为</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;11&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，行为抑制是人在成熟过程中的一种生理—心理机制，它的表现包括抑制对一个事件的自发反应、阻止正在进行的反应以及干扰控制等形式。行为抑制缺陷是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的核心缺损，在此基础上又导致了以下四个执行功能的二级缺损：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">非言语工作记忆：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童在感受事物后，表象倾向于立即消失，这使得他们是外控的而不是内控的；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">情绪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">动机控制：其情绪反应是外在的，缺少内部体验，不能适当抑制自己的情绪。他们的动机不能指向未来；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">语言内化：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童在语言的内化和语言的内部交流方面存在缺陷，使得他们很少对自己讲话进行自我提示、自我鼓励，不能控制行为；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(4)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">行为重组：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童不能将行为分为小的环节并组成一个新的行为，尤其不能从过去的教训中受到启发改进行为。该模型认为，注意缺陷、多动和冲动等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的三种核心症状均可以解释为行为抑制的不同类型。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>4 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">认知能量模型</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(the cognitive-energetic model)</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该理论由</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Sergeant</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>2000</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年提出，是一个包括三级水平的模型，他认为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童在三个不同的水平上均有缺陷。模型的最低一级认知过程包括编码、中央加工和反应组织，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童仅表现出反应组织的缺损；第二级由三个能量库组成，即唤醒、激活与作用力，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的缺损主要与激活库或许还与作用力有关；第三级是管理或执行功能系统，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">显然存在缺陷</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;12&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>Sergeant</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Barkley</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的观点存在分歧，他不认为抑制不能是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的核心缺损，也不认为仅仅是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的核心缺损，其他如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ODD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>CD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等同样发现有抑制不能。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Sergeant</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">认为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的本质是缺乏依据环境的需要而<a href="http://www.5xx.cn/" target="_blank"><FONT face=宋体 color=#0000ff size=3>调整</FONT></A>身心状态的能力，其最重要的缺损是能量因素，是在能量的维持和资源分配上有缺损并进而导致了抑制不能这个二级缺损。这其中，激活库的作用是非常关键的。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>5 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">执行功能模型</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(the executive function model)</SPAN></P><P =MsoTextIndent><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">执行功能指的是为达到将来某一目标而维持一种合适的解决问题定势的能力。它由一些有内在联系但又彼此不同的成分组成，包括计划、冲动控制、注意定势转移和工作记忆等，对于制定、形成、完善和执行计划，处理和解决问题起重要作用。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有确定的证据显示</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;13&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童存在反应抑制、工作记忆、计划以及定势转移能力缺陷。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Pennington</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">查阅了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>18</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">篇有关</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">认知功能的文献，发现其中有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>15</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">篇研究报道</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童与对照组有差异</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;14&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Geurts</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等学者在有关</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童与高功能孤独症儿童执行功能的对比研究中吃惊地发现，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童仅仅在视觉工作记忆上的表现好于孤独症组</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;15&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。所以有学者认为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可以被认为是一种特征性的与前额叶功能失调有关的执行功能病。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最近，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Barke</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Edmund</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等尝试把执行功能缺陷（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>exevutive dysfunction, EDF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）与延迟转移理论结合起来描述</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的神经心理特征，他们称此模型为双路径模型</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;16&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。此理论对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">治疗方法的选择提供了部分依据。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: red"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童与正常对照组儿童执行功能的比较</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>Barkley</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">认为</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;11&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，行为抑制缺陷是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的核心缺损，在此基础上又导致其他类型的执行功能的二级缺损，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型儿童是最有代表性的一种类型。这种观点得到了一些学者的支持。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Pennington</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的调查结果显示，在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>60</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种测量执行功能的措施中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>67%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的成绩显著性地低于正常对照组</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;14&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但也有一些学者对此持有不同的看法。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Hide</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等的研究结果显示</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;18&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，虽然</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型儿童在抑制一个正在进行的反应与抑制优势反应等两种反应抑制上同正常对照组存在显著性差异，但相同的差异却并未出现在其他的<a href="http://www.5xx.cn/" target="_blank"><FONT face=宋体 color=#0000ff size=3>执行</FONT></A>功能领域。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Houghton</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等也发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>TOL</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（河内塔）测试结果的差异在控制了两组儿童的非执行功能、智商和年龄以后便不复存在；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Sergeant</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">选择用威斯康星卡片分类测验的持续性反应百分比作为变量，未发现两组间有显著性差异。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Lckwood</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等的研究也未能把两组儿童区分开来。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: red"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上述研究者之间的分歧很可能是由于方法学的差异所造成。若按照同一诊断标准、控制共患疾病，同时扩大样本数量，应该能够在二者之间发现差别。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: red"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两种亚型的神经心理差异</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美国精神疾病诊断与统计手册第四版（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>DSM-IV</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）提出在一个诊断实体内，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可以被分为三种亚型，分别是注意缺陷为主型（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、多动</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冲动型（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-H</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和混合型（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。但</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Barkley</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Dupaul</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Milich</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等却提出，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与其他两型在注意缺陷的症状表现、相关特征、人口学分布与对精神兴奋剂的反应等方面明显不同，它不属于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的一个亚型。与此相关的神经心理学研究随之展开。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: red"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>Barkley</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指出，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-H</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">存在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>EDF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，而</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则没有相应的缺陷</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;11&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Barkley</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的观点得到了一些学者的支持。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Houghton</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>EDF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">只与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相联系，与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">没有关系；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Klorman</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等发现，与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相比，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的计划能力与认知灵活性更差；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Nigg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等发现，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型的男孩较</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型的男孩的反应抑制能力存在更多的问题；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Lockwood</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等的研究则显示，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">组的言语流畅性缺陷比</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">组更明显一些。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而也有一些关于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的神经心理学研究却没有重复上述发现。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Chhabildas</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等的研究结果甚至表明，是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的注意缺陷而不是其多动</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冲动症状可以预测</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的反应抑制缺陷。这一论点与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Barkley</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">存在尖锐的对立。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Hide</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等用病例配对法对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型男孩、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型男孩以及</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">名正常对照组男孩</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种执行功能与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种非执行功能进行了对比研究。在控制了年龄、<a href="http://www.5xx.cn/" target="_blank"><FONT face=宋体 color=#0000ff size=3>智商</FONT></A>和共患的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ODD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>CD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等因素，排除了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Tourette</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">综合征（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>TS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、强迫症（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和孤独谱系障碍（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>autism spectrum disorder, ASD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）之后发现，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">组与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD-I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">组仅在非执行功能的视觉短时记忆测验上存在显著性差异，而在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种执行功能的任一领域中两组男孩之间未见到明显的差异</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US>&#091;18&#093;</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上述互相矛盾的研究结果很有可能是由于方法学上的差异和方法的缺陷所造成的。比如，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的共患障碍如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>TS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>OCD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ODD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>CD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ASD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等，尤其是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ASD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也存在比较明显的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>EDF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，一些研究控制了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的共患病而另一些研究则没有。还有，早期的一些神经心理研究在选择测验的时候未能控制诸如知觉、激活状态以及记忆等非执行功能的影响。所以设计谨严的相关研究对于澄清争论非常必要。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: red"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">总之，大多数关于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的神经心理学研究提示</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儿童存在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>EDF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。然而这种缺陷缺乏特异性。研究显示，精神分裂症、抑郁症、孤独症等精神障碍同样存在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>EDF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。所以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作为一种异质性的行为障碍综合征其本质特征尚未被人们全部洞悉，神经心理学领域的研究有助于帮助增加对此的认识，这对于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ADHD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的病因、发病机制、诊断与治疗等都大有裨益。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参考文献</SPAN></P><P =MsoTextIndent3><SPAN lang=EN-US>1 Joseph A, Sergeant J, Hide J,et al The top and the bottom of ADHD :a neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.2003;27:583-592.</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -10.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; mso-para-margin-left: 2.07gd"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2 Sonuga-barke EJS , Taylor E, Sembi S, Smith J, Hyperactivity and delay aversion –I The effect of delay choice J Child Psycho Psychiat 1992;33:387-98.</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -10.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; mso-para-margin-left: 2.07gd"><SPAN lang=EN-US>3 Sonuga-barke EJS. Psychological heterogeneity in <a href="http://www.5xx.cn/" target="_blank"><FONT color=#0000ff size=3>ADHD</FONT></A> –a dual pathway model of behaviourand cognition. Behav Brain Res 2002;130:29-36.</SPAN></P><P =Ms&#111;normal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -10.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; mso-para-margin-left: 2.07gd"><SPAN lang=EN-US>4 Douglas VI, Parry PA. 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   <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2006 11:39:56 +0000</pubDate>
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